There is usually collateral circulation between the superior and inferior orbital veins.
2.
Some vortex veins drain into the superior orbital veins and thence to the cavernous sinus.
3.
Some vortex veins drain into the inferior orbital vein which drains into the pterygoid plexus.
4.
Rarely, when infections of the canine space erode into the infra-orbital vein or the inferior ophthalmic vein ( via the sinuses ), there can be spread via the common ophthalmic vein through the superior orbital fissure and into the cavernous sinus.
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